0 Linux shell command

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Privileges 

sudo command – run command as root

sudo -s – open a root shell

sudo -s -u user – open a shell as user 

sudo -k – forget sudo passwords 

gksudo command – visual sudo dialog (GNOME) 

kdesudo command – visual sudo dialog (KDE) 

sudo visudo – edit /etc/sudoers

gksudo nautilus – root file manager (GNOME) 

kdesudo konqueror – root file manager (KDE)

passwd – change your password 

Display 

sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart – restart X and return to login (GNOME) 

sudo /etc/init.d/kdm restart – restart X and return to login (KDE) (file)

/etc/X11/xorg.conf – display configuration 

sudo dexconf – reset xorg.conf configuration

Ctrl+Alt+Bksp – restart X display if frozen 

Ctrl+Alt+FN – switch to tty N 

Ctrl+Alt+F7 – switch back to X display

System Services

start service – start job service (Upstart) 

stop service – stop job service (Upstart) 

status service – check if service is running (Upstart) 

/etc/init.d/service start – start service (SysV)

/etc/init.d/service stop – stop service (SysV)

/etc/init.d/service status – check service (SysV) 

/etc/init.d/service restart – restart service (SysV) 

runlevel – get current runlevel

Network

ifconfig – show network information 

iwconfig – show wireless information 

sudo iwlist scan – scan for wireless networks sudo 

/etc/init.d/networking restart – reset network for manual configurations (file) 

/etc/network/interfaces – manual configuration 

ifup interface – bring interface online 

ifdown interface – disable interface 

Special Packages 

ubuntu-desktop – standard Ubuntu environment 

kubuntu-desktop – KDE desktop 

xubuntu-desktop – XFCE desktop 

ubuntu-minimal – core Ubuntu utilities 

ubuntu-standard – standard Ubuntu utilities 

ubuntu-restricted-extras – non-free, but useful 

kubuntu-restricted-extras – KDE of the above 

xubuntu-restricted-extras – XFCE of the above 

build-essential – packages used to compile programs 

linux-image-generic – latest generic kernel image 

linux-headers-generic – latest build headers 

Firewall

ufw enable – turn on the firewall 

ufw disable – turn off the firewall 

ufw default allow – allow all connections by default 

ufw default deny – drop all connections by default 

ufw status – current status and rules 

ufw allow port – allow traffic on port 

ufw deny port – block port 

ufw deny from ip – block ip adress

Package Management

apt-get update – refresh available updates 

apt-get upgrade – upgrade all packages 

apt-get dist-upgrade – upgrade with package replacements; upgrade Ubuntu version 

apt-get install pkg – install pkg 

apt-get purge pkg – uninstall pkg 

apt-get autoremove – remove obsolete packages 

apt-get -f install – try to fix broken packages 

dpkg --configure -a – try to fix broken packages 

dpkg -i pkg.deb – install file pkg.deb (file)

/etc/apt/sources.list – APT repository list

Application Names 

nautilus – file manager (GNOME) 

dolphin – file manager (KDE) 

konqueror – web browser (KDE) 

kate – text editor (KDE) 

gedit – text editor (GNOME) 

System 

Recovery - Type the phrase “REISUB” while holding down Alt and SysRq (PrintScrn) with about 1 second between each letter. Your system will reboot. 

lsb_release -a – get Ubuntu version 

uname -r – get kernel version 

uname -a – get all kernel information